Using Microwave Astronomy To Explore the Cosmos

Using Microwave Astronomy To Explore the Cosmos Not many people think about cosmic microwaves as they nuke their food for lunch each day. The same type of radiation a microwave oven uses to zap a burrito helps astronomers explore the universe. Its true: microwave emissions from outer space help give a peek back at the infancy of the cosmos.   Hunting Down Microwave Signals A fascinating set of objects emits microwaves in space. The closest source of nonterrestrial microwaves is our Sun. The specific wavelengths of microwaves that it sends out are absorbed by our atmosphere. Water vapor in our atmosphere can interfere with the detection of microwave radiation from space, absorbing it and preventing it from reaching Earths surface. That taught astronomers who study microwave radiation in the cosmos to put their detectors at high altitudes on Earth, or out in space.   On the other hand, microwave signals that can penetrate clouds and smoke can help researchers study conditions on Earth and enhances satellite communications. It turns out that microwave science is beneficial in many ways.   Microwave signals come in very long wavelengths. Detecting them requires very large telescopes because the size of the detector needs to  be many times greater than the radiation wavelength itself. The best-known microwave astronomy observatories are in space and have revealed details about objects and events all the way out to the beginning of the universe. Cosmic Microwaves Emitters The center of our own Milky Way galaxy is a microwave source, although its not so extensive as in other, more active galaxies. Our black hole (called Sagittarius A*) is a fairly quiet one, as these things go. It doesnt appear to have a massive jet, and only occasionally feeds on stars and other material that pass too close. Pulsars  (rotating neutron stars) are very strong sources of microwave radiation. These powerful, compact objects are second only to black holes in terms of density. Neutron stars have powerful magnetic fields and fast rotation  rates. They produce a broad spectrum of radiation, with the microwave emission being particularly strong. Most pulsars are usually referred to as radio pulsars because of their strong radio emissions, but they can also be microwave-bright. Many fascinating sources of microwaves lie well outside our solar system and galaxy. For example, active galaxies (AGN), powered by supermassive black holes at their cores, emit strong blasts of microwaves. Additionally, these black hole engines can create massive jets of plasma that also glow brightly at microwave wavelengths. Some of these plasma structures can be larger than the entire galaxy that contains the black hole. The Ultimate Cosmic Microwave Story In 1964, Princeton University scientists David Todd Wilkinson, Robert H. Dicke, and Peter Roll decided to build a detector to hunt for cosmic microwaves. They werent the only ones. Two scientists at Bell Labs- Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson- were also building a horn to search for microwaves. Such radiation had been predicted in the early 20th century, but no one had done anything about searching it out. The scientists 1964 measurements showed a dim wash of microwave radiation across the entire sky. It now turns out that the faint microwave glow is a cosmic signal from the early universe. Penzias and Wilson went on to win a Nobel Prize for the measurements and analysis they made that led to the confirmation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Eventually, astronomers got the funds to build space-based microwave detectors, which can deliver better data. For example, the Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (COBE) satellite  made a detailed study of this CMB beginning in 1989. Since then, other observations made with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) have detected this radiation. The CMB is the afterglow of the big bang, the event that set our universe in motion. It was incredibly hot and energetic. As the newborn cosmos expanded, the density of the heat dropped. Basically, it cooled, and what little heat there was got spread over a larger and larger area. Today, the universe is 93 billion light-years wide, and the CMB represents a temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin. Astronomers consider that diffuse temperature  as microwave radiation and use the minor fluctuations in the temperature of the CMB to learn more about the  origins and evolution of the universe. Tech Talk About Microwaves in the Universe Microwaves emit at frequencies  between 0.3 gigahertz (GHz) and 300 GHz. (One gigahertz is equal to 1 billion Hertz. A Hertz is used to describe how many cycles per second something emits at, with one Hertz being one cycle per second.) This range of frequencies corresponds to wavelengths between a millimeter (one-thousandth of a meter) and a meter. For reference, TV and radio emissions emit in a lower part of the spectrum, between 50 and 1000 Mhz (megahertz).   Microwave radiation is often described as being an independent radiation band but is also considered part of the science of radio astronomy. Astronomers often refer to radiation with wavelengths in the  far-infrared, microwave, and ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio bands as being part of microwave radiation, even though they are technically three separate energy bands.

According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, Essays - Medicine

According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, Essays - Medicine According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, there are 119,709 people waiting for a transplant in the United States, out of those, 8,030 people die every year while waiting to receive an organ (United Network for Organ Sharing, 2015). The increasing global demand of organs is currently considered a major problem by many governments and the World Health Organization (WHO). The main concerns behind the increasing demand of organs are the low number of donors and the creation of black market networks. Many governments have moved towards better regulation of organ donations, but these efforts have had little influence on the major global " organ heavens " , where individuals from richer areas are able to buy organs from third world countries (Jafar, 2009). This essay will look into the black market of kidneys while focusing on the exploitation of third world countries and the mechanism to counter these illegal markets. In many countries, the demand of trans plants is way higher than the supply and availability of organs. In the United States, only 1/4 of the people in need receive a transplant. There are two ways in which a person can receive a transplant. The first one, where the organs of an individual are donated after his/her death; the second case relies on the donation of organs by individuals while they are alive, the most common organ donated is the kidney (United Network for Organ Sharing, 2015). Yet, the amount of post-mortem organs donated is way less than the demand, leading to the creation of illegal organ markets supplied by living individuals. The global black market of organs is fueled by the practice of transplant tourism. This term refers to individuals who travel to less privileged countries in order to get a transplant; it also involves any aspect relating to the commercialization, sale and purchase of organs (Shimazono, 2007). According to a survey conducted by the WHO in 98 countries in 2004, 66,000 ki dneys were transplanted in that year, while 10% of those were transplanted to individuals from developed countries who travelled overseas in order to get their transplants (The Lancet, 2007). Although we should consider that those people travelling for a transplant are just aiming to save and expand their lives, the practice of transplant tourism is contributing to the exploitation of thousands of individuals from the poorest countries of the world. In many cases, the information received by governments and organization is just the tip of the iceberg. In many countries, the lack of accountability and transparency contributes to the continuous practice of undocumented organ trafficking (Budiani-Saberi Delmonico, 2008). This poses a problem not only for those trying to seek for a solution, but more importantly for those that are at the risk of being drawn into the market. Inequalities of social and economic conditions is one of most alarming aspects of organ trafficking. This is because, those in poor countries who are part from the lowest classes of the society risk their lives in order to hold onto the economic scraps of the pyramid of organ trafficking. In many countries like Pakistan, Peru, India, Philippines, and China, networks of organ trafficking take advantage of individuals by making them sell their kidneys. In many situations, these individuals risk their lives as they undergo poor surgical operations and receive no recovery treatment. It is quite regular that " donors " pay with their health the consequences of poor surgical methods years after selling their kidneys (Jafar, 2009). In most cases, these multimillion dollar networks pay an insignificant amount between 1,000 - 10,000 USD to the " donors " , while they generate hundreds of thousands of dollars in profit. According to the WHO, the cost of a kidney transplant overseas can range between 60,000 - 100,000 USD (Shimazono, 2007). The discrepancy betw een these numbers show the inequality in profit distribution between those who are in the suffering front (donors) and those who are part of the network. Throughout this practice, there is one clear pattern in the donor-recipient relations of kidneys ' black market. Ric Esther Bienstock, director of " Tales From The Organ Trade " , documentary filmed in the Philippines, talked to CNN in 2014 about

Basic Statistics for Business and Economics Essay Example for Free

Basic Statistics for Business and Economics Essay Over the last four weeks of being in the QNT/351 course our team has learned a lot about researching a hypothesis and understanding the mean. The hypothesis testing begins with the statement and the assumption that determines the population of the mean, (Lind, 2011, p.288.). There are five steps taken which include; state the hypothesis, select level of significance for it, identify the test statistics, formulate decision rule, and take a sample to arrive at a decision. On the contrary, however, McClave, 2011 states that there are seven steps including; null hypothesis, alternate hypothesis, test statistic, rejection region, assumptions, experiment and calculation of test statistic, and the conclusion. With setting a hypothesis and testing it is important to understand the mean and how to compare it amongst two or more groups. With testing the mean with multiple groups, the data collected is used to help determine the probability of a given amongst two distinct groups being analyzed which have the same or equal variances. This info it all based off the given hypothesis and should result in proving the null hypothesis stated. When looking at the mean the distance noted between the hypothesis and the mean placed is a value given as a result of the probability of occurrence. When analyzing and testing the means of the two groups we use the variance analysis. An example of this type would be testing the means of the two groups based off statistical models and valid conclusions. Along with completing the testing of the means of the groups, we must also calculate the variance according to the distribution of the differences in means. If the standard deviation is known we can calculate the z-score by using the difference of the variance and the mean. In calculating the correlation between the two variables we see that it is crucial to know the characteristics of the coefficient. According to Lind, 2011 pages 386-389 we can calculate the coefficient of correlation. The coefficient of correlation can help dete rmine the cause as well as effect amongst the two variables. Calculating these numbers is  crucial as the results give information which help determine the level of significance of the given hypothesis. References Lind, D. A., Marchal, W. G., & Wathen, S. A. (2011). Basic Statistics for Business and Economics (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. McClave, J. T., Benson, P. G., & Sincich, T. (2011). Statistics for Business and Economics (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Basic Statistics for Business and Economics. (2016, Apr 02). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Discuss the relationships between ethnic nationalism and the body Essay - 1

Discuss the relationships between ethnic nationalism and the body - Essay Example Ethnic nationality and the individual’s identity are closely interrelated. Roginsky (34) points out that nations are comprised of sexed objects, a statement which means that sexuality has an important role to play in the social construction of national as well as gender identities. The author argues that the interrelationship between gender, nationalism and sexuality is amoral code which is beneficial one gender, nation, and sexuality over others. In ethnic nationalities, the leaders are normally men, while women normally are given roles to stay in the background and let men run things. According to Roginsky, individuals normally contest or construct â€Å"their ascribed ethnicity within specific social contexts of power and domination based on class and gender inequalities† (44). When looked at from a gender point of view, this statement means that individuals, both men and women, all have a role to play in the creation of states and their ethnic identities. These roles are shaped by the individuals being citizens or members of a nation, or by being members of a certain ethnic group. Nationalism has been known to function with masculine imperatives (Eisenstein 66). Women have so far had very little chance to play national roles, which have all been left to men. When it comes to ethnic nationalism, it is evident in many communities that men call the shots. Men chart their own paths, but they also play a big role in deciding the roles that should be played by women. Ethnic nationalism has in many cases led to conflict and sometimes violence that has seen many people loose lives. The main cause of these conflicts is the lack of inclusion of certain groups of people in the region in the general leadership structures. Ethnicity has the negative effect of dividing people and thus making it hard for them to collaborate to achieve a common objective (Sofos 42). Ethnic nationalism has been one

Logistics and operation managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Logistics and operation managment - Essay Example Scheduling can be defined as the process of controlling, arranging and optimizing the workload in the manufacturing or production process. It is used for allocating the machinery and plant resources, planning production processes, planning human resources and purchasing material. Inventory management, capacity planning and scheduling is of great significance, as it can be associated with the financial benefits of the organizations. The imbalance between these supply chain operations may lead to an unnecessarily increased work in process, deteriorated delivery performance and frustrated staff in the sales and manufacturing departments. However, for most of the organizations excess capacity can certainly be unnecessary and costly. The inability to properly handle these processes can also be considered as a barrier in achieving maximum organization performance. In addition to this inventory management, capacity planning and scheduling are all considered to be significant factors in the choice of technology of the organization. These processes help in determining that how much capacity must be needed by the firm, the schedule and all the processes related to inventory management that are required for manufacturing a great product or begin the production of an en tire new product (R.Arnold, 2010). The imbalance between inventory management, capacity planning and scheduling may result in under or over stocking of items. Under-stocking of items may result in lost sales, missed deliveries, production bottlenecks, dissatisfied customers and it also unnecessarily ties up the funds of the organization that could have been more productive if used elsewhere. Overstocking may have fewer drawbacks attached to it; however the cost of excessive overstocking may be quiet staggering in the cases when the inventory holding cost is high, as the matter may easily get out of the hands of the

Health care management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health care management - Essay Example This paper explores how this new role would affect my personal life, and identifies a number of possible ward problems and possible approaches for tacking these problems are suggested. These include expectations from the team that I should do more hands on work, instead of planning; the problem of interpersonal conflicts, e.g. between nursing and administration teams, and complexity compression. One problem case in particular, that of an underperforming nurse colleague, is examined in more detail using the control (ie checking and quality control) management process. The first challenge that will face me upon taking up this responsible position will be the need for me to make personal adjustments to the new role. It is not easy to suddenly become a person who is held responsible for others in a team, and I anticipate both a high workload and an increase in stress caused by the fact that I will encounter new issues that I have not had to deal with before. It will make sense for me to scale down family and free time commitments as far as possible for the first few months so that I can keep focussed on the job. It would be a good idea to plan a specially rewarding holiday for my first leave period a few months down the line. The transition into the nurse manager role is difficult if one attempts it alone, and yet discussing personal worries or problems with members of the ward team would not help them to trust my judgement. It has been suggested (Belcher, 2006) that it is a good idea for new managers to actively seek out a mentor figure who is not in the same immediate area of work, but who knows the organization and the general demands of the role. This author suggests locating someone with good chemistry, clarifying what the mentor is expected to do, and using that mentor to find out all the ins and outs of the larger organization, including shortcuts to the people who hold key information or who have power in particular areas (Belcher, p. 150-151).

How art has influenced fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How art has influenced fashion - Essay Example Artists have actively participated in providing pattern and color concepts for textiles, thus physically influencing fashion through directly active design. As well, the links between consumerism, the media, and art has provided rich resources for editorial fashion. The links between art and fashion have become a symbiotic relationship in which each aspect is influential on the other. Art and fashion have had a relationship since the time of the Renaissance when renowned artists such as Bellini, Pollaiuolo, and Pisanello became actively involved in design through painting fashions, creating textiles, and designing embroidery. Pisanello, an artist for the Italian courts, was responsible for painting portraits of the aristocracy that portrayed them in the latest armor and fashions in order to suggest modernity. Princes could be portrayed as militarily significant in strategic warfare and from the perspective of current and innovative fashion, social status was represented (Mackrell 5). Through imagery, people of status could allow the public to create an impression of power, competence, social class, intelligence, and beauty as seen through the artists eye, which included the design of the garments that were portrayed. Fashion has been a tool for providing a context for modernity since that time, those of status and power denoting the course of that status and power through visual cues from the editorial of fashion. According to Polhemus and Proctor, the differences between fashion and anti-fashion exist within the modern, and the fixed and unmoving. The example that they use is the coronation gown of Queen Elizabeth II from 1953 in comparison to the Dior ’tulip line’ dress from the same year. The gown of the queen was painfully traditional, suggesting continuance and the stability of the status quo. It is anti-fashion as it shows no relevancy to change or growth. Fashion, on the other hand, represents discontinuity and the elusive reach for moderni ty, always stretching towards the next season of growth, both a symbol of the present and of the change of seasons. Had Queen Elizabeth worn the tulip gown, she would have been telling her people that a new era had begun, rather than assuring them that the old era was still in place. Fashion is about communication just as the medium of art is about communication. What the elite wear communicates their social position in the greater context. In continuing with the fashion story of the British Monarchy, Princess Diana, despite her many flaws, used fashion as a way to communicate her own position on the meaning of her role in the monarchy. Her connection with modern fashion communicated to the public that she was well aware of life from a modern point of view. While her charity and public service provided further context for her representational position, her relationship to modern, tasteful, and sometimes daring fashion allowed her to state that she recognized the current state of the world and believed in the importance of her role for change. Barnard states that â€Å"her image (was) of an upwardly mobile, modern, non-traditional young woman with an interest in changing and improving things, through her charity and humanitarian work† (19). Because of its role as an elite form of clothing, fashion, as defined as being symbolic of change and growth within society, is directly associated with the elite of a culture. Defining fashion is under the prerogative of